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In conclusion, the hybrid integration of photonic resources with the LN film is a good method for built-in photonics that will stay away from the etching of LN. Nevertheless, regardless of whether the LN film performs as being a top cladding or a substrate, the transition reduction concerning The 2 layers is still a problem for this hybrid waveguid

We received several-optical-cycle pulses using a multi-Watt common electrical power in an exceedingly broad number of repetition fees 0.07–1.two GHz. We also report on successful nonlinear frequency conversion instantly during the polycrystalline get aspects of extremely-rapid lasers and amplifiers which includes 2nd harmonic technology with sub-